Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection remains a major public health concern worldwide, imposing a substantial disease burden. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), over 2 billion people globally have been infected with HBV, and approximately 350 million suffer from chronic infection Chronic HBV infection can lead to liver complications such as hepatitis, fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), with 15–25% of chronically infected individuals ultimately dying from cirrhosis or liver cancer.